Vladislav Andriichuk, Vladimir Sokolov, Nikolai Andriichuk
Control for Systems of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Based on the MPC-Approach
Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communal Services Institute of Vladimir Dahl Lugansk State University
Abstract. The paper considers the issue of approbation of the MPC-approach for the control of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and also substantiates the possibility of improving the regulation process by its application on the example of a ventilation system. The principle of control using a predictive model is outlined, the features of control using the MPCcontroller are noted, the structure of the controller and the criterion for choosing the optimal values of the control signal are considered. The implementation of the MPC-approach is shown on the example of the supply VAV ventilation system in the classroom. To simulate the ventilation system in the Simulink environment of the MATLAB application package, the block diagram was developed, and the set of software tools Model Predictive Control Toolbox was used to synthesize the MPC controller. The study of transient processes the VAV ventilation system was carried out, the transient processes in the system without controller, with PID controller and MPC controller were compared. Comparison of the results showed that the use of the MPC controller makes it possible to improve the process of regulating the thermal regime in the room by increasing quality of regulation.
Key words: microclimate, MPC controller, VAV ventilation system, temperature, transient process.
Vyacheslav Markin
Prospects for the Application of the ANAMMOX Process for Urban Wastewater Treatment
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. Wastewater treatment from biogenic elements is an important task aimed at preserving natural water bodies from technogenic eutrophication. With the discovery of the process of anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (ANAMMOX), it became possible to treat wastewater from nitrogen compounds in a more economical way. However, due to the physiological characteristics of anammox bacteria, most of the developed technologies based on the ANAMMOX process are designed to treat wastewater with a specific composition and properties: high temperature, high nitrogen content and low concentration of organic substances. In this paper, the main wastewater treatment technologies using the anammox process have been studied, the most suitable technology for the treatment of domestic wastewater – DEAMOX – has been identified and a proposal for its improvement has been developed.
Key words: wastewater, biological treatment, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, ANAMMOX, SHARON, CANON, DEMON, DEMOX, nitrogen, phosphorus.
Vitaly Radionenko
On the Prospects for the use of Fuzzy Generalized Criteria for Determining the Quality of the Environment on the Example of Thermal Power Plants
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article discusses the possible use of uncertainty models to determine the quality of the environment. Practical models of uncertainty are analyzed, which are not related to the concept of randomness, but reflect the incompleteness of our knowledge about the object under study and its interaction with the environment. Based on the analysis, it is proposed to consider a flexible model for searching for a generalized criterion of environmental quality, which is based on the multi-criteria nature of the decision-making process and reducing the uncertainty that arises in the presence of conflict and the vagueness of goals in the presence of many local criteria. To solve the problem of finding a generalized criterion for environmental quality, it is proposed to consider it as a problem of fuzzy nonlinear programming with incompatible criteria, control variables and nonlinear constraints. For a clearer and more balanced solution of the task, the application of the Pareto optimality concept is justified. As a result, the proposed fuzzy generalized criterion for determining the quality of the natural environment is able to aggregate many indicators of different nature of the impact and serves as a certain measure of the analysis of the functioning of thermal power plants.
Key words: thermal power plant, environmental quality, quality criterion, uncertainty model, vector, parameters, membership function.
Zlata Udovichenko, Darya Savich, Valentin Demeshkin
Purification and Utilization of the Heat of Exhaust Gases in Apparatuses with a Granular Bed in the Building Materials Industry
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article focuses on the solution of the issue of increasing the energy saving of the construction industry due to the simultaneous purification and utilization of the heat of the exhaust gases of the equipment. Among the methods and means of solving such problems, an important place is occupied by dry methods of gas purification using filters with stationary and moving granular layers. The main characteristics of the granular material and the efficiency of its use as an intermediate coolant are given. The well-known granular devices for cleaning and simultaneous utilization of the heat of exhaust gases are considered. Options for installing tubular heat exchangers in the thickness of a granular material are proposed, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options. Experimental data are presented for a granular filter installation with a layout with a thicker granular material of heat pipes, according to which one can judge the possibility and efficiency of waste gas heat recovery together with their purification [1]. The main conclusions about the effectiveness and expediency of using an integrated method for cleaning and utilizing the heat of waste gases from building production equipment are given.
Key words: granular layer, heat recovery, purification, heat pipes, heat exchanger, exhaust gases.
Galina Turchina
Improving the Reliability of the Water Supply Network by Redundancing its Elements
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. According to regulatory documents [3, 4], the decrease in the amount of supplied water should not be more than 30 % of the estimated amount during the time period depending on the category of the city. As the service life increases, water network failures occur more often, there are cases where the complexity of an emergency situation entails a complete cessation of water supply through individual pipelines due to the configuration of the network. In each accident, economic costs appear not only for repairs, but also from associated losses due to a forced decrease in water supplied to subscribers. In this regard, the article considers the issues of water supply network redundancy by laying a pipelines with additional useful cross section and by creating additional loops on the network. It is worth noting that both methods carry additional resource costs, and they must be applied from the conditions of the balance between capital costs and reducing risks from losses during network operation, due to improving its reliability through redundancy.
Key words: water supply network, reliability, diameters of pipelines, water flow rate.
Valentin Chernyshev, Anastasia Mogukalo, Vladislav Puchka
Aerobic Stabilization of a Mixture of Crude Sludge and Non-Compacted Activated Sludge with Sludge Water Recirculation
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article deals with the problem of aerobic stabilization of a mixture of raw sludge and excess activated sludge. Aerobic stabilization of sewage sludge is characterized by simplicity of construction and operation of structures, characterized by the best water-releasing properties of stabilized precipitation. But the duration of stabilization increases significantly when the raw sediment of primary sedimentation tanks is mineralized in a mixture with excess activated sludge. This leads to an increase in capital and operational costs. The reasons for the increased duration of aerobic stabilization of a mixture of raw sediment and unconsolidated activated sludge are substantiated. The necessity of averaging the consumption of raw sludge before feeding it to the stabilizers is established, the necessity of observing the permissible ratio of the amount of raw sludge and activated sludge in the mixture is determined. It is proposed to use sludge water recirculation to reduce the duration of stabilization of a mixture of raw sludge and unconsolidated activated sludge. A technological scheme of aerobic stabilization with recirculation of sludge water separated from the stabilized mixture in a silt compactor has been developed. The use of denitrification after mixing recirculating sludge water with raw sediment is justified. The tasks of subsequent research to determine individual parameters of the stabilization technology are formulated.
Key words: aerobic stabilization, crude sludge, activated sludge, duration of stabilization, Eh, rH2, recirculation, sludge water, denitrification, stabilized sludge.
Aleksandr Pavluchenko a, Nadezhda Grigorenko b
Methods of Combating Water Hammer at Pumping Stations by Rational Strapping of Technological Equipment
a «TSKIPIVL» Branch of the DPR State Unitary Enterprise «WATER OF DONBASS», b Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The conditions and consequences of the occurrence of a water hammer at pumping stations are considered. It is well known that the configuration of the strapping has a significant and often critical impact on the stability of centrifugal pumps, so this article is devoted to finding a solution to prevent or minimize the consequences of a water hammer at the design stage or during the reconstruction of existing pumping stations. To solve this problem, a scheme with an additional bypass line device, a scheme for pumps starting work on a slightly open valve, and a strapping scheme with water discharge from the pressure line into the suction line are proposed. This strapping technological equipment of the pumping station are energy efficient, easy to maintain, since they do not have complex parts or mechanisms, work successfully regardless of the ambient temperature, as well as in case of false triggering of the system.
Key words: centrifugal pumps, hydraulic shock, pump strapping, pressure line, fire extinguishing, test start line.
Alexandra Sheikh
Analysis of the Impact of the Process of Processing Construction Waste on the Amount of Atmospheric air Pollution
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. It is established in the work that recycling of construction and dismantling waste of buildings should be carried out most effectively directly at the site of dismantling works, implementing the process through technology that includes their sorting, grinding, preparation, preparation and use. The technological process of obtaining secondary raw materials within the boundaries of the construction site using a mobile jaw crusher model Sandvik QJ241 is presented. The paper defines the values of dust concentrations that are formed on the construction site during the crushing of construction waste using a mobile jaw crusher. The obtained concentrations allowed us to determine the average value of dust introduced during waste processing within the boundaries of the construction site. The expediency of processing construction waste and involving them in the construction cycle is justified, since the concentrations obtained for all substances under consideration at the border of the basic sanitary protection zone and on the territory of the nearest residential development do not exceed the MPC standards.
Key words: construction waste, recycling, crushing, crushing plant, pollution, atmospheric air, dispersion calculation.
Tatiana Bashevaya
Analysis of Ways to Solve the Problem of Municipal Solid Waste
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article illustrates the relevance of the problem of municipal solid waste for the state and for the entire world community. The main points in solving the problem of municipal waste are formulated. A comparative description of the ways of handling municipal waste in different countries is given. The dependence of the disposal method on the economic well-being of the state is given. Data are given that characterize the methods of MSW waste management in the Russian Federation and the DPR: the amount of waste entering specially designated places and waste disposal facilities, the amount of waste that is reused as material or energy resources. The component composition of the waste and the likelihood of using processing technologies for each component are analyzed. The approaches that are currently used in solving the problems of MSW are outlined. The main activities for minimizing the impact of MSW on the environment have been identified.
Key words: environmental protection, waste management, municipal solid waste, sorting, picking, recycling.
Andrey Кralin, Daria Makejeva, Dmitry Aseev
Minimization of Anthropogenic Impact on the Environment with Mechanized Distribution of Anti-Ice Materials
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. This work is devoted to research related to the rationalization of the distribution of deicing material on the surface of the carriageway. The issues related to the field of winter maintenance of public roads and environmental safety are considered. The necessary particle sizes of one of the most common deicing material used in the technological process of mechanized distribution over the surface of the roadway in our region, granular slag, have been determined. Connections between the main parameters of the technological process of mechanized distribution of deicing material and components of deicing mixtures are established. The dependence of the speed of uniform motion on the grain size of granulated slag is established. The value of the maximum particle velocity at the moment of separation from the distribution disk is determined, depending on the rotational speed of the distribution disk and its dimensions.
Key words: environmental safety, municipal economy, anti-icing friction materials, bulk material.
Nelli Кolosova
Efficiency of Using a Reactor for Preheating Biomass in a Biogas Plant
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The process of biogas production from livestock farm waste depends on various technological factors, the main of which is the fermentation temperature. Mesophilic fermentation mode is used in practice for biogas production. The technological process of the methane tank provides for the replacement of part of the fermented mass with fresh biomass several times a day. The temperature of fresh biomass in the cold season is significantly lower than the fermentation temperature. This leads to a decrease in the temperature in the methane tank. Methanogenic bacteria in mesophilic fermentation mode are sensitive to temperature changes. Fluctuations in the fermentation temperature by several degrees can lead to a decrease in the volume of biogas produced. In order to avoid fluctuations in the fermentation temperature in the methane tank after loading a fresh portion of biomass, it is proposed to add a reactor for preheating biomass to the scheme of the biogas plant.
Key words: digester, biogas, digestion temperature, additional heating.
Yulia Golovach, Оksana Mikhayskaya, Natalia Vozhova
Increasing of the Efficiency of Gas Fuel Combustion in Light Type Infrared Burners
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. At heating systems of industrial enterprises, gas burners of infrared radiation are widely used. High-temperature radiators with a surface temperature of 600 to 1 200 °C provide heating of large volumes and heights, in which other heating systems are ineffective. Wind resistance of infrared burners in the open air can be ensured by installing a screen transparent to infrared radiation in front of the nozzle. The ways of increasing the efficiency of infrared burners have been studied. Based on laboratory studies of the burner GII-1.85 «Star», the dependence of the emissivity of the burner on the value of the excess air coefficient a and gas pressure in front of the burner equipped with a transparent screen was obtained. Using the obtained dependence will allow you to calculate the change in the theoretical efficiency of the burners.
Key words: infrared burner, «bright» emitter, excess air coefficient, emitting surface temperature, transparent screen.
Victor Nezdoyminov, Vitalii Rozhkov, Julia Vasilieva
Theoretical Substantiation of Wastewater Treatment Schemes Using Airlift bioreactors
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article describes the theoretical models of schemes for improved biological phosphorus removal, created on the basis of the Johannesburg and Cape Town processes, modified by the use of aerotanks-clarifiers with a flooded airlift aeration system (airlift bioreactors). The application of modeling of biochemical processes using ASM3 + Bio-P is proposed, which allows describing the mutual transformation of the components of the activated sludge system and predicting the quality of treatment in such facilities. For modeling airlift bioreactors, dependencies are proposed for determining the circulation flow in the facility. Modeling was carried out according to the indicated dependencies for the initial wastewater of the city of Makeevka, with the development of measures to improve the quality of treatment by varying the parameters of the facilities and adding an organic substrate. A theoretical assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, limitations of their application is carried out. It has been established that the most significant parameter for the final quality of treatment is the ratio of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in the initial runoff.
Key words: biological treatment, gas-loop bioreactor, simulation of activated sludge biochemical processes.
Nikolai Dolgov
Experimental Studies of Flow Distribution in a Combined Hot Water Supply System with a Solar Collector
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. An analysis of the research of leading scientists was carried out in order to determine a rational methodology for experimental studies of hot water supply systems during the day for various types of thermal energy consumers, in particular for consumers of residential and public buildings. An experimental installation of a hot water supply system with a combined heat source based on a solar collector has been developed. On the basis of the conducted experimental studies, the adequacy of the developed mathematical model of flow distribution was confirmed. Therefore, the developed mathematical model of the flow distribution of circuit flow rates in the proposed DHW scheme with a combined heat source makes it possible to determine the degree of opening and the limits of regulation of balancing and control valves in different operating modes of the solar collector. The efficiency of a hot water supply system with a solar collector was calculated for the projected object of a typical section of a nine-story residential building in the T-Sol program. The main conclusions are given about the obtained experimental studies of a combined hot water supply system with a solar collector, as well as the effectiveness and expediency of using a mathematical model of flow distribution by the loop flow method [1, 3].
Key words: hot water supply, combined heat source, solar collector, flow distribution, loop flow method, microclimate.