Dmitrii Zavorotnyi, Alexandra Uvarova
Theoretical Determination of the Permissible Circulation Intensity in Cylindrical Airlift Bioreactors-Clarifiers
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article presents a comparison of cylindrical (round in plan) and rectangular in terms of airlift biological clarifier reactors. Airlift bioreactors-clarifiers are facilities for wastewater treatment. Biological purification processes take place in them with the help of activated sludge, to ensure the respiration of which a flooded airlift is used, and clarification of the sludge mixture in a suspended layer of sludge. The influence of the intensity of the sludge mixture circulation in airlift bioreactors on the upstream velocity in clarifiers is analyzed. In the FlowVision software package, using a quadratic k-e turbulence model, the calculation of fluid velocities in the studied treatment facilities was performed. Based on the results of calculations, some of which are presented in this article, a theoretical ratio of the maximum allowable circulation intensities in cylindrical and rectangular airlift bioreactors-clarifiers is obtained.
Key words: airlift bioreactor, bioreactor-clarifier, FlowVision, waste water treatment.
Oleg Kalinihin
Improvement of the System of Cleaning of Household Waste Water of the Thermal Generation Facility
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The presented work presents the results of a chemical analysis of the discharged domestic wastewater of the Starobeshevskaya thermal power plant and the state unitary enterprise of the Donetsk People’s Republic «Energy of Donbass» for the content of suspended solids, ammonium nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites and phosphates for the period 2019–2020. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of discharges before and after the passage of treatment systems are revealed, the insufficient efficiency of existing systems for complete biological treatment of domestic wastewater is shown, which requires the introduction of new technological solutions aimed primarily at cleaning from nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Recommendations are given regarding the introduction of the technology of biological wastewater treatment using anammox bacteria. As measures for dephosphorization, the use of a reagent method for removing phosphorus by coagulation is recommended. The main advantages and disadvantages of the technologies proposed for implementation, recommendations are given regarding the hardware of the proposed technical solutions.
Key words: waste water, biological treatment, nitrification, concentration, thermal power plant, anammox process.
Viktoriay Gryzhenku, Vitaly Radionenko
Opportunities for Digitalization of the Cardboard and Paper Sector in the Donetsk People’s Republic
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article briefly discusses the reasons for the need for the transition of the cardboard and paper production industry in the Donetsk People’s Republic to secondary cardboard and waste paper raw materials. The history of the development of the pulp and paper industry shows that currently pulp production technologies are «dirty». Its use as the main raw material leads to a reduction of forest resources on the planet, pollution of water bodies and atmospheric air. Cellulose replacement for waste paper is possible in the introduction of a 100% system of separate collection of solid household waste and digitalization of the complex of all units of the socio-industrial cluster, which includes the production of cardboard packaging and returning it in the form of cardboard-waste of secondary raw materials. This approach will allow solving the ecological and economic problems of disposal of one of the waste factions and increase the efficiency of cardboard and paper factories.
Key words: cellulose, forest resources, pollution, cardboard and paper industry, solid household waste, waste paper, secondary raw materials, digitalization, efficiency.
Vitaly Radionenko, Viktoriay Gryzhenku
Mercury Sources on the Territory of the Donetsk People’s Republic as a Result of Anthropogenic Impact
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article discusses the issue related to the effect of mercury on the human body. The materials of the conclusions of specialists of the competent authorities regarding what diseases mercury can provoke are presented. The presence of certain forms of mercury in nature is justified by experimental studies, as a result of which five forms of mercury were identified. The essence of the conducted experimental research is stated. The main anthropogenic sources of mercury that have a significant impact on the environment are listed. Of the listed anthropogenic sources, they are typical for the territories of the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR), the production of the coke-chemical industry of the Republic is considered. The presence of mercury in them is substantiated depending on the grades of coal mined on the territory of the DPR. The emphasis is made on coals used in the coke-chemical process. At the coking plant, a sample of resinous polymer was taken from the benzene separator, which, accumulating in the separator, interferes with the normal course of the technological process and, therefore, is removed once a quarter. A complete analysis of the composition of the polymer showed that it consists of 40…60 % of metallic mercury. Proposals have been made to stabilize environmental safety in the by-product coke industry of the Republic.
Key words: mercury, pollution, sources, anthropogenic impact, chemical methods, coal, coke-chemical industry.
Irina Polokhina
Legislative Aspects of the Problem of Handling Dead Leaves in Urban Development of Donetsk
SEI HPE «Donetsk National University»
Abstract. This article is devoted to the review and analysis of legislation in the field of waste management of hazard class IV – dead foliage in order to determine the legally determined way (method) of disposal of leaf litter. It is shown that in modern urban planning, green spaces perform a significant sanitary and ecological function, but they also carry certain housing and communal and environmental problems. The main functions of green spaces have been determined, the most important of which are: optimization of temperature and humidity conditions, air ionization, bactericidal action of some plant species, dust-collecting ability, gas resistance and gas trapping, improve the aesthetic perception of the urban environment [9]. The negative factors associated with the formation of leaf litter, the consequences of some unauthorized methods of handling dead foliage are shown. A review of the existing legislation in the field of handling fallen leaves was carried out. The composting method approved by law does not solve the problem of pollutants in rotted foliage. An ecologically safe, biological, low-cost method of processing leaf litter by the method of vermicultivation is proposed in order to solve the communal problem of disposal of waste of IV class hazard.
Key words: fallow leaves, green spaces, pollutants, composting, leaf litter, vermicomposting, legislative acts, regulations.
Aleksandr Pavluchenko a, Nadezhda Grigorenko b, Pavel Polyshchuk b
Modern Approach to the Issue of Piping of Technological Units of Pumping Stations for Fire Extinguishing
a PJSC «YUZHNIIGIPROGAZ», b Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The reliability of fire-fighting water supply directly depends on the choice of fire pumps and their correct piping. The article discusses the main shortcomings in the common piping scheme for fire pumps and offers a more reliable and convenient scheme. At the same time, the unfavorable factors of the network operation, which cause water shocks, the operation of the system both in winter and summer periods of the year, as well as in case of false triggering of the system, are considered. The influence of changes in the piping scheme when changing the parameters of the «pump-pipeline» joint work schedule is considered. An option is also proposed for the selection of equipment and the diameter of the pipeline for the test run of the fire pump, which allow it to operate within the limits of high efficiency.
Key words: fire extinguishing, fire pumps, pump piping, test run line.
Ekaterina Golovatenko, Victor Markin
Environmental Aspects of Water Supply of Rotary Cycles of Vacuum Pumping Stations of Coal Mines Rotary Cycles of Vacuum Pumping Stations of Coal Mines
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The mining industry is one of the most important industries. In the mining industry, along the way, with the extraction of minerals, water is taken, the volume of which is several times higher than the volume of its consumption by industrial enterprises of the industry. The discharged mine waters have the greatest negative impact on the water bodies of Donbass. This is due to their huge inflow, low quality in many respects, inappropriate to modern requirements of the rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution, which is why about 2 million tons annually enter the hydrographic network of the region. mineral salts, a huge number of suspended solids. In connection with the environmental problems arising in the mining areas, a set of measures for environmental protection should be envisaged at the mine. Improving the environmental safety of coal mines can be ensured through the use of mine water in the circulating cycles of boiler houses and degassing plants.
Key words: coal mines, mine water, reverse cycles, degassing, vacuum pumping stations.
Darya Savich, Nykolay Dolgov
Intensification of Heat Transfer Processes in Film-Type Devices
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article analyzes the existing methods of heat transfer intensification, specifies the main conditions for choosing the optimal intensification method, analyzes the ways to improve the heat transfer surfaces. Significant intensifying factors in film-type apparatuses have been identified and studied, namely, the effect of wave formation; the zone of the input section, which depends on the droplet-forming device; the microstructure of the pipe surface, the most effective type of rolling on the outer surface of the pipes has been determined. Recommendations are given on the choice of a method for intensifying heat transfer. A brief summary of modern concepts of heat transfer surfaces shows that the search for ways to optimize processes and increase the efficiency of heat transfer requires a comprehensive systemic consideration of both the macro- and microstructure of the surface, and the conditions of interaction of the surface with the coolant in specific problems. It should be noted that when choosing for practical application one or another method of intensifying heat transfer, it is necessary to take into account not only the efficiency of the surface itself, but also the manufacturability of its manufacture, the manufacturability of the assembly of the heat exchanger, strength requirements, surface contamination, operation features, etc.
Key words: intensification, heat exchange surface, micro- and macrostructure, film devices, wave formation, artificial roughness, inlet section.
Valeriy Shapovalov, Dmitry Kozyr
Resource-Saving Technology of Complex Utilization of Dumps of Coal-Mining Productions with Reception of Alumina and Binders
Donetsk National Technical University
Abstract. The article analyzes the content of raw materials in waste dumps of Donbass. Modern technologies for obtaining valuable elements from man-made deposits are considered. The rocks of the Donbass dumps contain a number of valuable rare earth metals, the content of which may exceed their clark in the earth’s crust. The total content of valuable elements in the dump can be 230…260 g/t. The parameters of resource-saving technology of waste heaps processing with the use of the method of alkaline sintering of waste with limestone (mixture of argillite – kaolin – chalk) are substantiated. If the concentration of soda solution 100…120 kg/m3 Na2CO3, process temperature 70 °C for 10–30 min and the ratio of liquid to solid phase 1.5–2, the resulting aluminate solutions will have a concentration of 60–70 g/l and the degree of extraction alumina will be 88.6…92.7 %.
Key words: waste heap, alumina, waste sintering, resource saving, leaching.
Alexandra Sheikh
Analysis of the Construction Site as a Source of Dust Pollution of Atmospheric Air During Waste Recycling and Development of Measures to Reduce it
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. It is established in the work that the use of construction waste should be most effectively carried out at the site of dismantling works, implementing the process through technology that includes their sorting, grinding, preparation, preparation and use. The scheme of waste management at the construction site is proposed. The expediency of using construction waste and dismantling buildings directly at the place of their formation is justified from the point of view of obtaining an environmental effect, since the recycling of construction waste will solve the problem of material supply of the construction object with cheap raw materials, as well as resource conservation of natural resources. The values of dust concentrations on the construction site during the crushing of construction waste were determined, which made it possible to determine the average dust value introduced during waste processing within the boundaries of the construction site. A scheme of a dust suppression system is proposed to reduce dust emissions during the processing of construction waste at the construction site.
Key words: construction waste, recycling, construction site, crushing plants, atmospheric air pollution, secondary raw materials, activities.
Alexander Serdyuk, Tatiana Basheva, Oleg Shampatey
Processing of Sludge from Spent Lead-Acid Batteries by Electrochemical Method
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The process of electrochemical dissolution of lead sludge in hydrogen borofluoride electrolyte was studied, namely, preliminary preparation of the objects of study – activation of active lead mass was carried out, and the dissolution rates of battery plates (anode), the dissolution rate of lead sludge (anode), the rate of lead release at the cathode, cathode current density and current output were determined. It is shown that the process of converting lead compounds (lead dioxide and lead sulfate) into an acid-soluble form at pH 9–10 leads to a decrease in the concentration of lead in the washing waters in comparison with the neutral medium by tens of times. When using sludge in an electrolytic basket as an anode, as a more common form of lead waste, the dissolution rate increases by 17…20 % compared to the battery plate, which significantly speeds up the process of electrochemical processing of SKA in the form of sludge.
Key words: lead sludge, used car batteries, hydrogen borofluoride electrolyte, lead.
Aubekir Naimanov, Galina Turchina
Overview of the State of the Water Supply Network of the Makeyevka District based on the Analysis of Repair and Restoration Works
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article presents the results of a study of the state of water supply and distribution systems in the city of Makeyevka. The failures of the Makeyevka network were analyzed on the basis of a study of the statistics of repair and restoration works of the Central City district. Within the framework of the article, failures were analyzed according to the following parameters: the type of accidents, the causes of their occurrence, the places of their origin, the diameter and material of pipelines on which breakdowns were found. Parameters of repair and restoration work were taken over the period of 2017–2020. Based on the research, actual quantitative data for each of the above parameters are presented, which allows us to draw conclusions about the distribution of failures in the water supply distribution systems of the city of Makeevka. The obtained numerical values of accidents on the water supply network can be used to determine the failure rate of pipeline when assessing the reliability of water supply systems.
Key words: water supply network, repair and renewal operations, diameters of pipelines, statistical analysis.