Vitaly Radionenko a, Mykhailo Domin b
On the Prospects for the Processing of X-Ray Film, Tubes and Fixing Solutions in the Territory of the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR)
a Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, b Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky
Abstract. The article discusses the issue related to the processing and disposal of X-ray films, tubes and fixing solutions on the territory of the Donetsk People’s Republic. The most popular approaches to the extraction of silver from the raw materials under consideration are analyzed, the methods and methods are compared, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages. In addition to the widespread approaches used on the territory of the Russian Federation, the international experience, which is relevant today, was also taken into account. Information on the creation of innovative technologies for the extraction of silver is provided, on the basis of which some recommendations are proposed. The necessity of creating a specialized organization on the territory of the Donetsk People’s Republic, which will allow medical institutions to get rid of the accumulation of the waste in question, is substantiated. The organization would have the right to carry out activities in the field of processing and disposal of X-ray films, tubes and fixing solutions. To implement the proposed methods to prevent the formation of unnecessary waste in question, it becomes necessary to make appropriate decisions at the legislative level.
Key words: waste, disposal, processing, silver, chemical methods, cementation, environmental safety.
Alyona Tryakina
Assessment of Risks of Functioning of Water Supply and Sewage Systems of the Cities of Donbas
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article provides an assessment of the risks of the functioning of water supply and sewage systems in the cities of Donbas, which are under the jurisdiction of the «Company “Water of Donbas”». The main aspects of risks for the functioning of systems are highlighted and their relationships are built. Threats to the operability of systems in an armed conflict and their consequences have been identified. The analysis of the impact of risks on the functioning of water supply and sewerage systems was carried out. Four main factors are identified that cause the stoppage of the process of producing clean water at filtering stations, lifting stations, pumping stations. Recommendations for reducing the considered risks were prepared.It is recommended to create a favorable operational environment in the field of politics and security, so that the enterprise «Company “Water of Donbas”» could safely and reliably perform its functions of providing residents of Donbas with quality water supply and sanitation services.
Key words: water supply system, sewage system, risk assessment, reliability, safety, the city of Donbas, operational situation, operational potential.
Marina Gutarova
Use of Sewage as a Way to Solve the Irrational Water Consumption of
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The modern world is increasingly confronted with the problem of unsustainable use of drinking water. Scientists and engineers face the challenge of solving this problem without harming the environment. The article discusses the main factors of water scarcity and how to solve the problem of water consumption – the use of sewage. General concepts about «grey» waters, their area of use, equipment for the treatment of «grey» water and modern sanitary devices with the technology of using «grey» water, the results of a public opinion study on the secondary use of «grey» waters were given. Based on recent publications, as well as previous studies, an assessment of the need for water per person when using water from the cold water system using the re-cleaning of «grey» water was made.
Key words: waste water, «grey» and «black» water, water scarcity, water reuse, equipment for the treatment of «grey» water, sanitary appliances with technology for the use of «grey» water, research, public opinion.
Margarita Ripna a, Alexander Serdyuk a, Yuriy Varkhalev b
Influence of Acid Concentration in Hydrofluoric Acid Electrolyte on its Environmental and Operational Parameters During Electrochemical Processing of Waste Car Batteries
a Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, b Donetsk State Research and Design Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals
Abstract. The influence of the compositions of hydrofluoride electrolytes on the electrochemical processing of used lead-acid batteries has been studied. An increase in the acid concentration in the proposed composition of the hydrofluoride electrolyte reduces the release of specific emissions of fluorides by 1.2 times and lead by 2.1 times per ton of released lead as compared to the previously known electrolyte by increasing the rate of the SCA processing process by 2.1 times. It is shown that by changing the acid concentration from 100 to 180 g / l, it is possible to reduce the overall toxicity level of emissions of harmful substances into the environment during the electrochemical utilization of used batteries by 1.4 times. The results of the calculation of the dispersion of harmful substances released from the surface of the considered hydrofluoride electrolytes do not exceed the current standards, therefore, in order to increase the production capacity of the enterprise, the use of these electrolytes in practice is advisable.
Key words: lead acid batteries, disposal, hydrofluoride electrolyte, speed, emissions, fluorides.
Ekaterina Golovatenko
Research of Acid Mine Water Treatment Technology
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. In many countries and regions, acid mine water drainage leads to serious environmental pollution. Mine water sources are very diverse, and therefore it is not always possible to unambiguously define «typical mine water» for individual deposits. Even in one geological structure, incomparable hydrochemical water mixtures can be distinguished. The types and therefore the chemical composition of mine waters within the same mining company often differ in time and space. It also changes along with the advancement of winning operations in depth, it changes depending on the amount and composition of natural sources of mine water during a given period of production, etc. In operating mines, the chemistry of mine water changes along with the mixing of different types of mine water contaminated with various substances. products of weathering, products of bacterial and biological decomposition, etc. In addition, the cessation of mining operations greatly changes the regime of mine waters. In this case, one of the sources is turned off – industrial and technological water, and the mine water takes on the character of water from old workings. The article describes the source and mechanism of formation of acidic wastewater from mining enterprises, provides characteristics of several methods of their treatment. Some widely used technologies and principles of acid wastewater treatment are analyzed, and the main treatment methods are highlighted: flotation method of sulfide precipitation, displacement method, extraction method, combined treatment method and biochemical electrode method.
Key words: acidic mine waste water, formation mechanism, treatment principle, treatment.
Alexandra Sheikh
Ecological and Economic Justification of the Efficiency and Expediency of Waste Processing Within the Boundaries of the Construction Site
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. It is established that the use of construction waste should be carried out most effectively at the site of dismantling works, implementing the process through technology that includes sorting, grinding, preparation, preparation and use. The scheme of construction waste management at the construction site is proposed and the additional load on the atmospheric air is shown as a result of the implemented activity. Based on the calendar schedule of construction works, from the point of view of environmental safety, the stage at which it is necessary to perform waste recycling with subsequent inclusion in the process of constructing a new building is determined. The optimal fraction of the use of construction waste as secondary material resources is determined. A methodological approach to determining the overall economic and environmental impact of construction waste processing is proposed.
Key words: environmental safety, construction, environmental pollution, construction waste, processing stages, secondary raw materials, environmental and economic effect.
Daria Dostovalova a, Nicholas Podgorodetsky a, Galina Chudaeva b
Assessment of the Possibility of Raw Material use of the Waste Dump of the Mine M. I. Kalinina State Enterprise «Makeevcoal»
a Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, b Donetsk National Technical University
Abstract. The article presents the results of a scientific study to reduce the environmental hazard of the waste dump of the mine. M. I. Kalinin State Enterprise «Makeevcoal», by including the waste rock in the disposal process, in order to extract industrial raw materials. The assessment of the possibility of raw material use of the waste dump of the mine M. I. Kalinina State Enterprise «Makeevcoal» on the basis of the results of chemical analysis of the sum of metal sesquioxides in a sample of burnt rock A qualitative test of the composition of the waste rock samples was carried out in order to determine the volumetric content of the insoluble residue of the samples under study. Chemical analysis of the sum of metal sesquioxides in a sample of burned-out rock was carried out.
Key words: environmental hazard, waste dump, disposal, metal sesquioxides.
Anatoliy Oleksyuk, Anastasia Pluzhnik, Klyaus Bogdan
Analysis of Devices that Measure Microclimate Parameters in a Room with Periodic Heating
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. In modern construction practice, more than half of the heating systems in use require thermal modernization. However, in order to select an effective heating system, it is necessary to know the actual thermal technical characteristics of the room and the parameters of the internal microclimate, depending on fluctuations in the external air temperature. This article discusses the problems of energy efficient operation of water heating systems for public buildings. The current standards for ensuring the required microclimate in premises using a periodic heating system have been analyzed. A method for assessing the comfort of a microclimate is considered as a measurement and assessment of the main parameters of the temperature and humidity conditions of a room. An overview of instrumentation for determining the parameters of the microclimate is carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of the main devices recommended by regulatory documents for carrying out field studies are determined. Taking into account the analysis, it was concluded that it is advisable to use these devices for conducting an experiment with the use of intermittent heating.
Key words: microclimate parameters, intermittent heating, temperature sensors.
Aleksandr Pavluchenko a, Nadezhda Grigorenko b
Modern Trends in the Design of Pumping Stations for Wastewater Injection in the Deep Layer
a PJSC «YUZHNIIGIPROGAZ», b Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The issue of disposal of industrial effluents often requires an expensive solution. An alternative option, subject to all safety standards, is their disposal in the deep layer. This way is used in the extraction of gas and oil, however, in order to learn from this experience for other industries, it is necessary to consider some understudied points. The article is devoted to the issue of choosing equipment for pumping stations when industrial wastewater inject into the layer. A variant of replacing piston pumps with multistage centrifugal pumps under conditions of intermittent flow and high heads is proposed. The general scheme of pump manifold and equipment and the advantages and disadvantages of this design solution are considered.
Key words: wastewater disposal, centrifugal pump, piston pump, pump manifold.
Zlata Udovichenko, Darya Savich
Method of Heat Transfer in Contact Devices
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The article analyzes the existing methods for determining the heat transfer coefficient during convective heat exchange in contact-type devices with an intermediate heat carrier. It has been determined that at present the experimental determination of the heat transfer coefficient a is carried out, as a rule, not on the samples of thermal devices themselves, but on their simplified models, generalized using the thermal theory of similarity. In turn, similarity criteria are compiled on the basis of differential equations of convective heat transfer, i.e., equations that give an analytical relationship between the parameters characterizing the process of heat transfer in differential form. However, the analytical dependences obtained on the basis of empirical data complicate the prospect of complex modeling of the parameters characterizing the heat transfer processes, as well as the design characteristics of contact heat exchangers, including those with the use of an intermediate coolant, in order to increase their efficiency. It was revealed that the calculation of heat transfer in contact devices for the utilization of low-potential thermal emissions, along with the purification of gas emissions from various impurities, is usually carried out on the basis of experimental data.
Key words: thermal efficiency, contact device, heat utilization, dimov gas, low-potential heat source, secondary energy resources.
Dmitry Vybornov, Bogdan Klyaus, Anastasia Pluzhnik
Analysis of the Main Parameters of the Formation of Air Supply Jets
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. This article analyzes the main parameters of the formation of air supply jets. These parameters include the isothermality of the jet flow, which in turn affects the deviation of the supply jet axis relative to the horizon. The isothermality of the supply jet is characterized by the Archimedes criterion, which is influenced by the temperature difference between the ambient and the air jet. The initial velocity of the air jet affects its penetration into the interior of the room, as well as its laying on the surface. Also, an important parameter of the formation of the air stream is the design of the air distribution device, with the help of which the air jets flow into the serviced room. Depending on the shape of the holes, the jets are divided into flat, compact, fan and conical.
Key words: supply jets, air distribution, ventilation, surface of maximum parameter.
Sergey Vysotsky a, Oksana Darienko b
Improvement of Gas Cleaning Processes for Thermal Power Plants from Sulfur Dioxide using Electro Dialysis Technology
a Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, b Donetsk National Technical University, Automobile and Highway Institute
Abstract. Material flows during solid fuel combustion in power units are considered. It is shown that an alternative variant of the flue gas desulphurization process can be used as a reagent – an absorber of sulfur dioxide sodium sulfite. The resulting reaction product, sodium bisulfite, is reduced to sulfite in an electro dialysis apparatus to obtain a demanded product – sulfur dioxide. The recovery process of the depleted absorber has been studied on a pilot electro dialysis unit. Experimental dependences of the current density on the voltage level supplied to the electro dialysis cell at different temperatures of the solution are obtained. It is shown that an additional increase in electricity consumption for the recovery of the reagent-absorber is 4.5 % of the power unit capacity with a sulfur content of 2 % in the fuel.
Key words: electro dialysis, current density, sodium sulfite, sulfur dioxide, limestone technology.
Helen Samojlova, Yiliya Farafonova
Impact of the Properties of Road Pavements on the Degree of Environmental Safety of the Road
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. One of the most effective ways to increase the national wealth of the DPR is to ensure the rational and economic use of material resources. For this purpose, it is proposed to widely use the complex processing of raw materials, low-waste, waste-free and energy-saving technologies, to involve in every possible way local types of raw materials and materials, to utilize secondary resources [1, 2]. The use of slag-alkaline concrete in road construction is proposed, which is due to environmental and economic factors – the need to utilize accumulated industrial waste, improve the environmental safety of roads and the lower cost of slag-alkaline concrete compared to asphalt concrete. In the Donetsk People’s Republic, as a result of many years of work of mining and metallurgical enterprises, thermal power plants, a large amount of solid waste has accumulated – rock dumps, metallurgical slags and ash and slag from TPPs, therefore the use of these industrial waste as secondary raw materials is relevant, especially in road construction. Slag occupies huge areas that could be used for agricultural purposes, for any structures. In addition, there is a purely psychological problem: to live and work in a region that is a dumping ground for metallurgical waste. Such a neighborhood does not give pleasure to anyone [3]. Therefore, a simple, cheap and safe method of disposal of slag waste is proposed.
Key words: industrial waste, slag, recycling, asphalt concrete, slag-alkali concrete, environmental safety, water absorption, frost resistance.
Nadiy Nasonkina, Elena Feskova, Pavel Bereza, Oleg Zhukov
Analysis and Development of Sanitation Protection Zones for Water Supply Objects (on the Example of Captage)
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. In order to ensure the safe operation of water supply systems, especially in dense buildings, it is necessary to analyze and reconstruct sanitary protection zones, taking into account modern requirements and the current urban planning situation. Most of the approaches do not provide for risk assessment and changes in the integrity of the sanitary protection zones during the operation of structures and changes in the development of settlements. On the example of a capturing well, the scheme of reconstruction of sanitary protection zones is considered, taking into account modern requirements. Recommendations and guidelines for the ordering and organization of the territories of the three zones of the sanitary protection zone are proposed, as well as the rules for development and land use within the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone, taking into account its functional and intended use. The analysis and justification of the necessary boundaries of the sanitary protection zones in accordance with the current regulatory documents, and the results of field studies are presented.
Key words: water supply, capturing, sanitary protection zones, risk, reliability.
ATatiana Bashevaya, Angelica Pantyukhina
Study of the Influence of SKA Waste on the Soils of Cities
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Abstract. The paper analyzes the data of the studies carried out on the effect of sulfuric acid and lead compounds, as the main components of storage batteries, on various layers and functions of the soil. In the course of the study, soil contamination with heavy metals, violation of acid-base balance and physical and mechanical properties were analyzed. The maximum concentration of sulfate ions was revealed at the time of the battery electrolyte spill. The dynamics of changes in the concentration of sulfate ions in the soil layer during a time interval of five years, the results of determining the pH of salt suspension and hydrolytic acidity in the upper horizon of steppe chernozems are presented. The dynamics of the decrease in the humus content in the soil layer after the spill of battery electrolyte waste and the relationship between pollution by salts of heavy metals and battery electrolyte with soil fertility and crop productivity are analyzed.
Key words: waste, soil degradation, lead-acid batteries, sulfuric acid electrolyte, humus, soil acidity, heavy metals.